The Environmental Impact of Farm Effluent: Indicators of Pollution ...
Dairy cow and pig effluent can include faeces, urine, cleaning water, rainwater, soil, bedding, food, drinking water and milk spills. Before treatment it typically contains high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and various trace contaminants (e.g. heavy metals). Treatment needs to reduce the levels of these constituents to levels that do not significantly alter natural ecosystems when effluent is discharged. Five main factors indicate the quality of treated animal effluent.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the organic content of effluent. Organic compounds can be biochemically digested or oxidised by bacteria to produce energy for growth. If digested aerobically, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide produced. Too much organic matter in effluent discharged to waterways can stress aquatic life by reducing the amount of available oxygen within the water. BOD is the most widely used indicator to determine the health of a waterway.
NutrientsExcess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems, especially nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, over-stimulate the growth of aquatic weeds and algae. These can out-compete native aquatic vegetation and can smother habitat used by aquatic fauna. Decomposition of excess weeds and algae can lead to oxygen depletion. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus can also cause algal blooms in water bodies, including marine environments.
In its ammonia form (NH4) nitrogen is highly toxic to fish and aquatic animals, even at low concentrations. Ammonia also uses large quantities of oxygen as it oxidises to form the more stable nitrogen compounds of nitrite and nitrate, depleting waterway oxygen levels.
Suspended SedimentsSediment in effluent can affect colour, clarity and temperature of waterways. When suspended sediments settle out of effluent they may obstruct and damage fish gills, suffocate eggs and aquatic insect larvae, and occupy the spaces between gravel where fish lay eggs. Aquatic plant growth can be reduced as less sunlight may penetrate the water. Sediment may also carry nutrient pollutants and toxic chemicals which may settle with the sediment or dissolve in the water.
Bod Pollution Levels - Bookshelf
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